**Hildegard -- representation for Hildegard manuscripts notation

DESCRIPTION

The **Hildegard scheme can be used to represent the basic information of the notation used in the manuscripts containing Hildegard’s music. The **Hildegard representation allows a monophonic encoding of the various neume forms used by the scribes of the main manuscripts. **Hildegard is primarily designed to facilitate analytic applications rather than music printing or sound generation. Other Humdrum representations should be used for these latter purposes. Since one main purpose of **Hildegard is to allow research tasks concerning scribal practices in the manuscripts, the layout and the orthographic information of the manuscripts are represented rather exactly. Non-notational information as clef setting and position of the music within the manuscripts (folio) and on the page (line number) is represented using tandem interpretations and local comments.

These types of data tokens are distinguished in **Hildegard: neumes and flat or natural icons.

Neumes can encode a variety of attributes including neume-type, accidental and liquescence-type.

Pitches are not directly encoded in the **Hildegard representation. Instead, a parallel **kern spine is expected to encode the corresponding pitches, as well as a parallel spine for the text.

A wide variety of neume types can be encoded using **Hildegard. The following table identifies these individual types.

Single tone neumes:

p	punctum
t	tractulus
v	virga
o	oriscus

Ligatures:

The first element of a ligature is represented by the signifier itself, the following elements by using the null token.

P	pes (or podatus)
C	clivis
Tr	torculus rotundus (with round first element)
Tq	torculus quadratus (with square first element)
U	torculus resupinus
R	porrectus
E	porrectus flexus

Compound neumes

P#	pes sub # punctis
M#	climacus (# elements in total)
I#	climacus resupinus (# elements in total)
S#	scandicus (# elements in total)
Q	quilisma
QT	quilisma-torculus
F	pressus minor
G	pressus maior
D	bistropha
H	tristropha
al (before neume token)	augmentative liquescent
dl (before neum token)	diminuitive liquescent

By way of illustration, an epiphonus can be represented by dlP, a cepahlicus by dlC.

At some places the manuscripts contain very special groupings of neumes not found in the common classification of neumes. These neume-groups are encoded using open and closed parentheses to denote the beginning and end of the group.

The only accidentals in Hildegard's notation are the flat (b rotundum) and the natural (b quadratum) sign. The **Hildegard representation makes a distinction between two types of flat and natural signifiers: An orthographic and a semantic flat or natural. Orthographic accidentals frequently appear well before the notes they modify. For example, an accidental may appear two or more neumes prior to the modified note. The notated accidental icon (orthographic accidental) is signified by the "at" sign "@" for a flat and by "%" for a natural. In addition, it is useful to identify specific notes that are modified by the accidental. These (semantic) accidentals are represented by the ampersand "&" for a flat and by the caret "^" for a natural and placed immediately after the neume signifier. In summary, accidentals are represented both by their physical location in the manuscript and also by the modified note. In the former case, the accidental is signified as a separate token (encoded on a separate data record). In the latter case, the accidental is signified as a modifier of a neume token.

In representing any work, editorial interpretations are inevitable. It may be necessary to make explicit certain implicit information in a manuscript (such as expanding abbreviations), or it may be necessary to estimate missing or unreadable information. The **Hildegard representation provides several special-purpose signifiers to help make explicit various classes of editorial amendments, interpretations, or commentaries. Five types of editorial signifiers are made available: (1) sic (information is encoded literally, but is questionable) signified by Y; (2) invisible symbol (unwritten note etc., but logically implied) signified by y; (3) editorial interpretation, (a "modest" editorial act of interpretation -- such as the interpretation of accidentals) is signified by x; (4) editorial intervention (a "significant" editorial intervention) signified by X; (5) footnote (accompanying local or global comment provides a text commentary pertaining to a specified data token) signified by ?.

FILE TYPE

It is recommended that files containing predominantly **Hildegard data should be given names with the distinguishing `.hgd' extension.

SIGNIFIERS

The following table summarizes the **Hildegard mappings of signifiers and signifieds.

p	punctum
t	tractulus
v	virga
o	oriscus
P	pes (or podatus)
C	clivis
Tr	torculus rotundus (with round first element)
Tq	torculus quadratus (with square first element)
U	torculus resupinus
R	porrectus
E	porrectus flexus
P#	pes sub # punctis
M#	climacus (# elements)
I#	climacus resupinus (# elements)
S#	scandicus (# elements)
Q	quilisma
QT	quilisma-torculus
F	pressus minor
G	pressus maior
D	bistropha
H	tristropha
al	(before neume token) augmentative liquescent
dl	(before neume token) diminuitive liquescent
(	start special neume-group
)	end special neume-group
@	orthographic flat
%	orthographic natural
&	semantic flat
^	semantic natural
x	editorial interpretation; immediately preceding signifier is interpreted
xx	editorial interpretation; entire data token is interpreted
X	editorial intervention; immediately preceding signifier is an editorial addition
XX	editorial intervention; entire data token is an editorial addition
y	editorial mark; invisible symbol; unwritten note, but logically implied
yy	editorial mark; entire data token is implied
Y	editorial mark: sic marking; information is encoded literally, but is questionable
YY	editorial mark: sic marking; entire data token is present in the original but questionable
?	editorial mark: immediately preceding signifier has accompanying editorial footnote in an ensuing comment
??	editorial mark: entire preceding data token has accompanying editorial footnote in an ensuing comment

Summary of **Hildegard Signifiers

The following sample document shows a **kern spine with corresponding **Hildegard data. In addition, a **silbe spine has been used to encode the text.

**kern	**Hildegard	**silbe
*	*mode4	*LLatin
!	!154,7	!
*	*clefC5,F3	*
E	R	O
D	.	.
E	.	.
G	C	splen-
E	.	.
D	P	.
E	.	.
F	M3	-di-
D	.	.
C	.	.
E	v	-dis-
AA	S3	-si-
BB	.	.
C	.	.
BB	C	-ma
AA	.	.
E	C	gem-
D	.	.
D	dlP	.
E	.	.
E	v	-ma
D	v	&
E	p	se-
F	Q	.
G	.	.
F	p	.
E	p	.
D	p	.
D	P	.
A	.	.
A	I6	.
G	.	.
F	.	.
E	.	.
D	.	.
E	.	.
D	p	-re-
E	p	.
F	Q	.
G	.	.
F	p	.
E	p	.
D	p	.
D	P	.
A	.	.
A	M4	.
G	.	.
F	.	.
E	.	.
D	P	-num
E	.	.
E	P2	de-
F	.	.
E	.	.
D	.	.
G	M3	.
F	.	.
E	.	.
D	P	-cus
E	.	.
G	p	so-
G	p	.??
![-R]	![-R]	![-R]
A	p	.
c	M3	.
B	.	.
A	.	.
!	!154,8	!
*	*clefC4,F2	*
A	M4	.
G	.	.
F	.	.
E	.	.
D	p	.
E	p	.
F	Q	.
G	.	.
F	C	-lis
E	.	.
D	P3	qui
A	.	.
G	.	.
F	.	.
E	.	.
F	M3	ti-
E	.	.
D	.	.
E	v	-bi
D	p	in-
E	p	.
F	Q	.
G	.	.
F	p	.
E	p	.
D	p	.
D	P	-fu-
A	.	.
A	M4	.
G	.	.
F	.	.
E	.	.
D	p	-sus
E	p	.
F	Q	.
G	.	.
F	p	.
E	p	.
D	P	est
E	.	.
*	*clefF3	*
E?	M3	fons
!D	!Erasure	!
D?	.	.
!C	!Erasure	!
BB	.	.
D	P	.
E	.	.
*	*clefC4,F2	*
E	U	sa-
B	.	.
A	.	.
B	.	.
e	M4	.
d	.	.
c	.	.
B	.	.
c	C	.
B	.	.
c	M4	-li-
B	.	.
A	.	.
G	.	.
G	o	.??
![-R]	![-R]	![-R]
F	p	.
E	p	.
D?	P	.
!E	!Erasure	!
E?	.	-ens
!F	!Erasure	!
*-	*-	*-

There are currently no Humdrum commands that directly process **Hildegard encoded data.

The following tandem interpretation can be used in conjunction with **Hildegard:

mode

*mode#

The # sign is replaced by a number indicating the mode. Tandem interpretations for **Hildegard

**kern, kern, **MIDI, midi, **pitch, **semits, **solfg, **Tonh,

Stefan Morent.

• Pertinent description in the Humdrum User Guide
• Index to Humdrum Representations
• Index to Humdrum Commands
• Table for Contents for Humdrum User Guide