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ditto [-c chars] [-p] [-s regexp] [inputfile ...]
Humdrum null-tokens are place-holders that do not themselves encode data. Null-tokens consist of a single period character (".") -- separated from other tokens by tabs, or appearing on a line by itself. The ditto command replaces occurrences of null-tokens with the most recent non-null data occurring in the same spine. When the -p option is invoked, the replacement data tokens are enclosed in parentheses ( ). If the initial data tokens in a spine are null-tokens, then null-tokens are output.
In repeating previous data tokens, if the -s option is invoked, ditto skips over any data records matching regexp. For example, if regexp is the equals-sign (the "common system" barline), then barline data tokens will not be repeated in subsequent data records containing null tokens. Thus, if a data token `X' is followed by a token that matches the regular expression /=/, then subsequent null-tokens will be replaced by the token `X' rather than by the equals sign.
The ditto command correctly handles spine path changes. In the case where two or more spines join together, ditto outputs a multiple-stop where necessary.
Options are specified in the command line.
-h displays a help screen summarizing the command syntax -c chars repeats only characters listed in chars -p place repeated data tokens in parentheses -s regexp skip data records matching regexp
!! Example 1 **kern **kern 16e- 8r 16d . 16e- 8gg 16f . 16g 8cc 16f . 16g 8gg 16e- . 16a [2aa 16g . 16a . 16b- . 16cc . 16b- . 16cc . 16a . =78 =78 . . *- *-
Invoking the command:
ditto input > output
produces the following output:
Notice that all of the null tokens have been replaced by the preceding
data token in the same spine.
Notice also that the barline for measure 78 has been repeated.
For many applications repeating of barlines will be inappropriate.
!! Example 1 **kern **kern 16e- 8r 16d 8r 16e- 8gg 16f 8gg 16g 8cc 16f 8cc 16g 8gg 16e- 8gg 16a [2aa 16g [2aa 16a [2aa 16b- [2aa 16cc [2aa 16b- [2aa 16cc [2aa 16a [2aa =78 =78 =78 =78 *- *-
The following, more complex example, illustrates the use of the -p and -s options. The input is shown on the left and the corresponding output is shown on the right. The output was produced by invoking the following command:
ditto -p -s ^= input > output
In order to avoid repeating the barlines, the skip option has been
invoked with the regular expression "^=" -- meaning any equals sign
at the beginning of a line.
(See regexp in Section 6 of this manual for details concerning
regular expression syntax.)
In addition, the
-p
option has been invoked so that all repeated tokens are placed in parentheses.
Notice that
ditto
adapts to changing spine-paths.
Note especially the join-spine (*v) interpretations leading to the
double-stop:
INPUT OUTPUT !! Example 2 !! Example 2 **foo **foo **bar **foo **foo **bar a xyz . a xyz . . 23 (%&) (a) 23 (%&) =2 =2 =2 =2 =2 =2 . . . (a) (23) ((%&)) !! A comment. !! A comment. . . 49 (a) (23) 49 *x * *x *x * *x . . . (49) (23) (a) * *v *v * *v *v . . (49) (23 a) abc XYZ abc XYZ * *^ * *^ . . . (abc) (XYZ) (XYZ) . 1a 2b (abc) 1a 2b =3 =3 =3 =3 =3 =3 *- * * *- * * . . (1a) (2b) ==== ==== ==== ==== *+ * *+ * **foo **foo **bar **foo **foo **bar . . . (1a) . (2b) *- *- *- *- *- *- (23 a).
A final example illustrates the use of the -c option. Once again, the input is shown on the left and the corresponding output is shown on the right. The output was produced by invoking the following command:
ditto -c '[a-gA-G#-]' input > output
The effect of this command has been to propagate the
INPUT OUTPUT **kern **kern **kern **kern (4g 8b (4g 8b . 8cc g 8cc 8f# 4dd 8f# 4dd 4.g) . 4g) dd . 8cc g 8cc . 8b g 8b 4d 4a 4d 4a . . d a *- *- *- *- **kern
pitch signifiers, without propagating non-pitch information.