Humdrum Representation for Phonetic Sounds

REPRESENTATION

**IPA -- representation for International Phonetic Alphabet

DESCRIPTION

The **IPA scheme provides a means for representing phonetic information based on the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). This representation is a Humdrum adaptation of the ASCII transliteration scheme for IPA developed by Evan Kirshenbaum. The **IPA representation permits the encoding of the basic phonetic constituents of spoken or sung utterances for several languages.

Two types of data tokens are distinguished in **IPA: phonetic segments and silences.

Spans of silence are represented by the percent sign (%) appearing as an isolated token.

Phonetic segment tokens typically encode syllables or single-syllable words. Each syllable consists of one or more successive phonemes, where each phoneme is signified by a single character with an optional modifier. The beginning of the token may include one of three stress indicators. A stressed syllable is signified by the apostrophe ('). A less stressed syllable is signified by the comma (,). The absence of either the apostrophe or the comma indicates an unstressed syllable.

In the case of tonally inflected languages (such as all Chinese dialects), numbers may follow indicating the type of tonal inflection. For example, in Mandarin, the number 1 indicates a high tone, the number 2 indicates a rising tone, the number 3 indicates a falling-rising tone, and the number 4 indicates a falling tone.

Individual phonemes are represented according to the signifiers listed in the table given below. For example, the upper-case letter `A' signifies the `aw' vowel as in the standard American pronunciation of l\o'a\(ul'\o'w\(ul', c\o'o\(ul't and b\o'o\(ul'ther. Any vowel or diphthong signifier can be modified by the subsequent presence of a tilde; the modified vowel is pronounced with open nasal passages -- as in the French "un bon vin blanc," which is encoded as:

**IPA W~ bo~ va~ blA~ *-
In the case of consonants, two modifiers are possible. Any consonant signifier that is followed by a semicolon indicates that the front of the tongue is positioned as at the beginning of the word yacht. Any consonant signifier that is followed by a dash indicates that the consonant and the preceding schwa (see below) are pronounced as an independent syllable -- as in the case of the words batt\o'l\(ul'\o'e\(ul', mitt\o'e\(ul'\o'n\(ul' and eat\o'e\(ul'\o'n\(ul'.

FILE TYPE

It is recommended that files containing predominantly **IPA data should be given names with the distinguishing `.ipa' extension.

SIGNIFIERS

The following table summarizes the **IPA mappings of signifiers and signifieds. (§ All footnotes appear at the end of this table.)

@ schwa§ as in (unaccented) b\o'a\(ul'nan\o'a\(ul', c\o'o\(ul'llide, \o'a\(ul'lone

V (IPA symbol: \(an); as in h\o'u\(ul't or h\o'u\(ul'mdr\o'u\(ul'm

R R\(dd; as in b\o'u\(ul'rn, op\o'e\(ul'\o'r\(ul'ation, d\o'i\(ul'\o'r\(ul't, \o'u\(ul'\o'r\(ul'gent

& short a (IPA symbol: \(ae); as in m\o'a\(ul't, m\o'a\(ul'p, m\o'a\(ul'd, g\o'a\(ul'g, sn\o'a\(ul'p, p\o'a\(ul'tch

A \o'a\(..' (IPA symbol: a); as in b\o'o\(ul'ther, c\o'o\(ul't, and, with most American speakers,

f\o'a\(ul'ther, c\o'a\(ul'rt

a \o'a\(de'; f\o'a\(ul'ther as pronounced by speakers who do not rhyme it with bother.

E short e (IPA symbol: \(*e or E); as in g\o'e\(ul't, b\o'e\(ul'd, p\o'e\(ul'ck, \o'e\(ul'dge

i long e (IPA symbol: \o'i'); as in b\o'e\(ul'\o'a\(ul't, gr\o'e\(ul'\o'e\(ul'd, \o'e\(ul'venl\o'y\(ul', \o'e\(ul'\o'a\(ul's\o'y\(ul'

I short i (IPA symbol: I or \(*i); as in t\o'i\(ul'p, ban\o'i\(ul'sh, act\o'i\(ul've

O \o'o\(de' (IPA symbol: backward `c'); as in l\o'a\(ul'\o'w\(ul', \o'a\(ul'll, sh\o'a\(ul'\o'w\(ul'm

W oe digraph (IPA symbol: \(oe); as in the French b\o'o\(ul'\o'e\(ul'\o'u\(ul'f, German H\o'o\(..\(ul'lle

o \o'o/' digraph; as in the French b\o'o\(ul'\o'e\(ul'\o'u\(ul'fs, d\o'e\(ul'\o'u\(ul'x, German fl\o'o\(..\(ul'te

u \o'u\(..'; as in r\o'u\(ul'le, y\o'o\(ul'\o'u\(ul'th, f\o'e\(ul'\o'w\(ul', \o'o\(ul'\o'o\(ul'ze

H \o'u\(..' (IPA symbol: upside & backwards `h'); as in French n\o'u\(ul'ance, l\o'u\(ul'i

U \o'u\(de' (IPA symbol: \(*u or U or \(*w); as in p\o'u\(ul'll, w\o'o\(ul'\o'o\(ul'd, b\o'o\(ul'\o'o\(ul'k

y ue; as in the German f\o'u\(..\(ul'hren, \o'U\(..\(ul'bung

Y UE; as in the German Gl\o'u\(..\(ul'ck, klavierst\o'u\(..\(ul'ck

vowel~ following a vowel* indicates a vowel or diphthong pronounced withopen

nasal passages; as in the French "un bon vin blanc" (W~ bo~ va~ blA~)

b b; as in \o'b\(ul'a\o'b\(ul'y, ca\o'b\(ul'in, ro\o'b\(ul'

d d; as in \o'd\(ul'ee\o'd\(ul', \o'd\(ul'ulcimer, a\o'dd\(ul'er

f f; as in \o'f\(ul'eel, cu\o'f\(ul'\o'f\(ul', \o'f\(ul'orte

g g; as in \o'g\(ul'o, ba\o'g\(ul', \o'g\(ul'ift

h h; as in \o'h\(ul'ear, a\o'h\(ul'ead, \o'h\(ul'orn

k k; as in \o'c\(ul'oo\o'k\(ul', ta\o'k\(ul'\o'e\(ul', a\o'c\(ul'\o'h\(ul'\o'e\(ul'

x K (IPA symbol: \o'x\(ul'); as in the German i\o'c\(ul'\o'h\(ul', Ba\o'c\(ul'\o'h\(ul'

C as in the German i\o'c\(ul'\o'h\(ul', trauri\o'g\(ul'

l l; as in \o'l\(ul'ibretto, \o'l\(ul'i\o'l\(ul'y, poo\o'l\(ul'

L gl (IPA symbol lambda); as in the Italian passaca\o'g\(ul'\o'l\(ul'ia, a\o'g\(ul'\o'l\(ul'io

m m; as in \o'm\(ul'usic, li\o'm\(ul'\o'b\(ul', ny\o'm\(ul'ph

n n; as in i\o'n\(ul'o, \o'n\(ul'strument, ow\o'n\(ul'

N eng (IPA symbol: `n' with a tail); as in si\o'n\(ul'\o'g\(ul', fi\o'n\(ul'\o'g\(ul'er, i\o'n\(ul'k

J enya; as in the Italian Lasa\o'g\(ul'\o'n\(ul'e, French a\o'g\(ul'\o'n\(ul'eau, Dordo\o'g\(ul'\o'n\(ul'e

p p; as in \o'p\(ul'iano, bee\o'p\(ul'er, li\o'p\(ul'

r r; as in \o'r\(ul'eed, o\o'r\(ul'gan, ca\o'r\(ul'

s s; as in \o's\(ul'eek, \o's\(ul'our\o'c\(ul'\o'e\(ul', ba\o's\(ul'\o's\(ul'

S sh ["esh"] (IPA symbol: \o'\(It\(Im\(Ib'); as in \o's\(ul'\o'h\(ul'y, cre\o's\(ul'\o'c\(ul'endo, spe\o'c\(ul'\o'i\(ul'al

t t; as in \o't\(ul'empo, \o't\(ul'ie, a\o't\(ul'\o't\(ul'acca

T th ["theta"] (IPA symbol: \(*h); as in \o't\(ul'\o'h\(ul'in, pa\o't\(ul'\o'h\(ul', e\o't\(ul'\o'h\(ul'er

D \o't\(ul'\o'h\(ul' ["eth"] (IPA symbol: \o'd~') as in \o't\(ul'\o'h\(ul'en, ei\o't\(ul'\o'h\(ul'er, smoo\o't\(ul'\o'h\(ul'

v v; as in \o'v\(ul'oice, \o'v\(ul'i\o'v\(ul'id, li\o'v\(ul'\o'e\(ul'

w w; as in \o'w\(ul'e, a\o'w\(ul'ay

j j; as in \o'y\(ul'es, \o'y\(ul'oung, c\o'u\(ul'e, on\o'i\(ul'\o'o\(ul'n

z z; as in \o'z\(ul'one, rai\o's\(ul'\o'e\(ul', \o'x\(ul'ylophone

Z zh ["yogh"\(sc]; as in mea\o's\(ul'ure, vi\o's\(ul'\o'i\(ul'on, a\o'z\(ul'ure

consonant- following a consonant (l-, n-, m-, or N-)** indicates a consonant preceded

by a schwa that is pronounced as an independent syllable; as in batt\o'l\(ul'\o'e\(ul',

mitt\o'e\(ul'\o'n\(ul', eat\o'e\(ul'\o'n\(ul'\fR

consonant; following a consonant,§§ indicates that the front of the tongue is

positioned as in the beginning of the word `yard'

\' primary stress (should precede stressed sound)

, secondary stress (should precede stressed sound)

% silence signifier

Summary of **IPA Signifiers

The IPA schwa is notated as an upside-down `e'.
The IPA symbol consists of a schwa with a hook.
The IPA yogh is written like a flat-topped number `3' that has been lowered in height.
In IPA such vowels are marked by the presence of a tilde above the vowel.
In IPA such consonants are marked by the presence of a vertical bar below the consonant.
The IPA symbol consists of a superscript letter `j' either following or hooked beneath the consonant.

EXAMPLES

Sample syllables and their corresponding **IPA encodings are given below:

**text **IPA book bUk sing sIN tag t&g now nAU loud lAUd out AUt site saIt side saId buy baI job dZAb gem dZEm edge EdZ join dZOin judge dZ@dZ day deI fade feId date deIt cape keIp youth juT few fju mute mjut cue kju cure kjUr coin kOin troy trOi bone boUn know noU beau boU chin tSIn *- *-
The following example encodes a sentence as might be spoken by American and British speakers.
**text **IPA **IPA * *American *British I aI aI hear hir hiV the D@ DI sec- 'sEk 'sEk -re- rI r^ -ta- ,t& tri -ry ri . *- *- *-

PERTINENT COMMANDS

The following Humdrum commands accept **IPA encoded data as inputs:

formant identifies first two formant frequencies for common vowels

TANDEM INTERPRETATIONS

The following tandem interpretations can be used in conjunction with **IPA:

instrument *I

instrument class *IC

meter signatures *M6/8

tempo *MM96.3

Tandem interpretations for **IPA

LIMITS

The International Phonetic Alphabet itself is not well suited to the representation of clicks commonly found in African languages, and this limitation is evident in the **IPA representation. A more precise phonetic representation also developed by Evan Kirshenbaum might be adapted as the basis for a more refined Humdrum representation.

REFERENCES

This representation is a Humdrum adaptation of the ASCII transliteration scheme for IPA developed by Evan Kirshenbaum.

@	schwa§ as in (unaccented) b\o'a\(ul'nan\o'a\(ul', c\o'o\(ul'llide, \o'a\(ul'lone
V	(IPA symbol: \(an); as in h\o'u\(ul't or h\o'u\(ul'mdr\o'u\(ul'm
R	R\(dd; as in b\o'u\(ul'rn, op\o'e\(ul'\o'r\(ul'ation, d\o'i\(ul'\o'r\(ul't, \o'u\(ul'\o'r\(ul'gent
&	short a (IPA symbol: \(ae); as in m\o'a\(ul't, m\o'a\(ul'p, m\o'a\(ul'd, g\o'a\(ul'g, sn\o'a\(ul'p, p\o'a\(ul'tch
A	*\o'a\(..' (IPA symbol: a); as in b\o'o\(ul'ther, c\o'o\(ul't, and, with most American speakers,*
	f\o'a\(ul'ther, c\o'a\(ul'rt
a	*\o'a\(de'; f\o'a\(ul'ther* as pronounced by speakers who do not rhyme it with bother.**
E	short e (IPA symbol: \(e or E); as in g\o'e\(ul't, b\o'e\(ul'd, p\o'e\(ul'ck, \o'e\(ul'dge*
i	long e (IPA symbol: \o'i'); as in b\o'e\(ul'\o'a\(ul't, gr\o'e\(ul'\o'e\(ul'd, \o'e\(ul'venl\o'y\(ul', \o'e\(ul'\o'a\(ul's\o'y\(ul'
I	short i (IPA symbol: I or \(i); as in t\o'i\(ul'p, ban\o'i\(ul'sh, act\o'i\(ul've*
O	\o'o\(de' (IPA symbol: backward `c'); as in l\o'a\(ul'\o'w\(ul', \o'a\(ul'll, sh\o'a\(ul'\o'w\(ul'm
W	oe digraph (IPA symbol: \(oe); as in the French b\o'o\(ul'\o'e\(ul'\o'u\(ul'f, German H\o'o\(..\(ul'lle
o	\o'o/' digraph; as in the French b\o'o\(ul'\o'e\(ul'\o'u\(ul'fs, d\o'e\(ul'\o'u\(ul'x, German fl\o'o\(..\(ul'te
u	\o'u\(..'; as in r\o'u\(ul'le, y\o'o\(ul'\o'u\(ul'th, f\o'e\(ul'\o'w\(ul', \o'o\(ul'\o'o\(ul'ze
H	\o'u\(..' (IPA symbol: upside & backwards `h'); as in French n\o'u\(ul'ance, l\o'u\(ul'i
U	\o'u\(de' (IPA symbol: \(u or U or \(w); as in p\o'u\(ul'll, w\o'o\(ul'\o'o\(ul'd, b\o'o\(ul'\o'o\(ul'k
y	ue; as in the German f\o'u\(..\(ul'hren, \o'U\(..\(ul'bung
Y	UE; as in the German Gl\o'u\(..\(ul'ck, klavierst\o'u\(..\(ul'ck
vowel~	following a vowel* indicates a vowel or diphthong pronounced withopen
	nasal passages; as in the French "un bon vin blanc" (`W~ bo~ va~ blA~`)

b	b; as in \o'b\(ul'a\o'b\(ul'y, ca\o'b\(ul'in, ro\o'b\(ul'
d	d; as in \o'd\(ul'ee\o'd\(ul', \o'd\(ul'ulcimer, a\o'dd\(ul'er
f	*f; as in \o'f\(ul'eel, cu\o'f\(ul'\o'f\(ul', \o'f\(ul'orte*
g	g; as in \o'g\(ul'o, ba\o'g\(ul', \o'g\(ul'ift
h	h; as in \o'h\(ul'ear, a\o'h\(ul'ead, \o'h\(ul'orn
k	k; as in \o'c\(ul'oo\o'k\(ul', ta\o'k\(ul'\o'e\(ul', a\o'c\(ul'\o'h\(ul'\o'e\(ul'
x	K (IPA symbol: \o'x\(ul'); as in the German i\o'c\(ul'\o'h\(ul', Ba\o'c\(ul'\o'h\(ul'
C	as in the German i\o'c\(ul'\o'h\(ul', trauri\o'g\(ul'
l	l; as in \o'l\(ul'ibretto, \o'l\(ul'i\o'l\(ul'y, poo\o'l\(ul'
L	gl (IPA symbol lambda); as in the Italian passaca\o'g\(ul'\o'l\(ul'ia, a\o'g\(ul'\o'l\(ul'io
m	m; as in \o'm\(ul'usic, li\o'm\(ul'\o'b\(ul', ny\o'm\(ul'ph
n	n; as in i\o'n\(ul'o, \o'n\(ul'strument, ow\o'n\(ul'
N	eng (IPA symbol: `n' with a tail); as in si\o'n\(ul'\o'g\(ul', fi\o'n\(ul'\o'g\(ul'er, i\o'n\(ul'k
J	enya; as in the Italian Lasa\o'g\(ul'\o'n\(ul'e, French a\o'g\(ul'\o'n\(ul'eau, Dordo\o'g\(ul'\o'n\(ul'e
p	p; as in \o'p\(ul'iano, bee\o'p\(ul'er, li\o'p\(ul'
r	r; as in \o'r\(ul'eed, o\o'r\(ul'gan, ca\o'r\(ul'
s	s; as in \o's\(ul'eek, \o's\(ul'our\o'c\(ul'\o'e\(ul', ba\o's\(ul'\o's\(ul'
S	sh ["esh"] (IPA symbol: \o'\(It\(Im\(Ib'); as in \o's\(ul'\o'h\(ul'y, cre\o's\(ul'\o'c\(ul'endo, spe\o'c\(ul'\o'i\(ul'al
t	t; as in \o't\(ul'empo, \o't\(ul'ie, a\o't\(ul'\o't\(ul'acca
T	th ["theta"] (IPA symbol: \(h); as in \o't\(ul'\o'h\(ul'in, pa\o't\(ul'\o'h\(ul', e\o't\(ul'\o'h\(ul'er*
D	\o't\(ul'\o'h\(ul' ["eth"] (IPA symbol: \o'd~') as in \o't\(ul'\o'h\(ul'en, ei\o't\(ul'\o'h\(ul'er, smoo\o't\(ul'\o'h\(ul'
v	v; as in \o'v\(ul'oice, \o'v\(ul'i\o'v\(ul'id, li\o'v\(ul'\o'e\(ul'
w	w; as in \o'w\(ul'e, a\o'w\(ul'ay
j	j; as in \o'y\(ul'es, \o'y\(ul'oung, c\o'u\(ul'e, on\o'i\(ul'\o'o\(ul'n
z	z; as in \o'z\(ul'one, rai\o's\(ul'\o'e\(ul', \o'x\(ul'ylophone
Z	zh ["yogh"\(sc]; as in mea\o's\(ul'ure, vi\o's\(ul'\o'i\(ul'on, a\o'z\(ul'ure
consonant-	following a consonant (l-, n-, m-, or N-)** indicates a consonant preceded
	by a schwa that is pronounced as an independent syllable; as in batt\o'l\(ul'\o'e\(ul',
	mitt\o'e\(ul'\o'n\(ul', eat\o'e\(ul'\o'n\(ul'\fR
consonant;	following a consonant,§§ indicates that the front of the tongue is
	positioned as in the beginning of the word `yard'

\'	primary stress (should precede stressed sound)
,	secondary stress (should precede stressed sound)
%	silence signifier

**text	**IPA
book	bUk
sing	sIN
tag	t&g
now	nAU
loud	lAUd
out	AUt
site	saIt
side	saId
buy	baI
job	dZAb
gem	dZEm
edge	EdZ
join	dZOin
judge	dZ@dZ
day	deI
fade	feId
date	deIt
cape	keIp
youth	juT
few	fju
mute	mjut
cue	kju
cure	kjUr
coin	kOin
troy	trOi
bone	boUn
know	noU
beau	boU
chin	tSIn
*-	*-


	formant	identifies first two formant frequencies for common vowels

instrument	*I
instrument class	*IC
meter signatures	*M6/8
tempo	*MM96.3

Humdrum Representation for Phonetic Sounds

REPRESENTATION

DESCRIPTION

FILE TYPE

SIGNIFIERS

EXAMPLES

PERTINENT COMMANDS

TANDEM INTERPRETATIONS

SEE ALSO

LIMITS

REFERENCES