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**kern to Humdrum **MIDI format
midi [-Ccu] [-d n] [-q n] [inputfile.krn ...] [ > outputfile.hmd]
**kern data into Humdrum **MIDI data.
Humdrum **MIDI data may be played by the
perform
command or converted to a standard MIDI file using the
smf
command.
The
midi
command will translate all **kern spines in the input
stream into **MIDI data,
and will echo any non-kern spines.
It is recommended that output files produced using the midi command should be given names with the distinguishing `.hmd' extension (`Humdrum midi').
Options are specified in the command line.
-c echo all data records as global comments (prior to the data record) -C echo all data records as global comments (following the data record) -d n assigns a note-duration of n **recipvalue to all pitches and rests-h displays a help screen summarizing the command syntax -q n set number of MIDI clock ticks per quarter-duration to n -u suppress the deletion of duplicate (unison) concurrent note-on instructions
If the
-c
option (`comment') is invoked, all data records are echoed as global
comments in addition to the usual processing.
This option is useful in conjunction with the
perform
command;
perform
echoes all global comments while playing MIDI inputs,
and so the comment option allows the user to view the original **kern
score while the music is performed.
The -d n option allows the user to reassign all the durations
of all notes and rests in a given input.
The value n is specified in
reciprocal duration notation (**recip), where `4' represents
a quarter-duration, `2.' represents a dotted half-duration, `12'
represents a quarter-note triplet, `0' represents a breve, etc.
(See **recip in Section 2 for details.)
With the
-d
option all pitches and rests in the input will be assigned the specified
duration value -- whether or not the notes already have encoded durations.
This option is useful for such tasks as proof-listening to passages
containing especially short notes, or auditing works --
such as Gregorian chant -- where durations have not been encoded
or are suspect for other reasons.
Note that the
-d
option should be used only in the case of monophonic inputs, or multi-part
inputs that contain strictly isochronous chords.
Polyphonic inputs containing non-isochronous durations will cause a
loss of synchronization between the parts.
The resulting output is apt to cause serious problems with commands
such as
perform
and
smf.
In contrast to MIDI performance data, canonical musical scores
(such as **kern) frequently contain unisons -- where two
voices share the same pitch for a period of time.
MIDI produces a `note-off' instruction at the end of each note; however
only a single `note-off' instruction is required to turn-off a note.
Unfortunately, the first note-off will terminate a note -- even if
the same pitch is sustained in another voice.
In normal operation,
midi
suppresses the sending of the first of two MIDI `note-off' commands when
a unison is encountered in the input.
This ensures that the pitch will be sustained for the longer of the
unison durations.
This feature can be disabled by invoking the
-u
option.
The midi command assigns a default duration of 72 MIDI clock-ticks per quarter-note. This default value may be reassigned using the -q n option. The value n should be chosen so that all canonical durations present in a given score divide evenly into it. For example, the default value of 72 clock-ticks per quarter-note, means that eighth-notes and sixteenth-notes will have durations of 36 and 18 clock-ticks respectively. Eighth-note triplets and sixteenth-note triplets will have durations of 24 and 12 clock-ticks respectively. Thirty-second notes will have a duration of 9 clock-ticks. But sixty-fourth notes can cause synchronization problems since they do not divide evenly into 72. The user may wish to reassign this value depending on the types of canonical durations present in a given input. Changing the default number of clock-ticks will affect the tempo of performance when using the perform command. Hence, it may be necessary to revise the tempo indication of a resulting Humdrum midi-format file.
midi chopin > chopin.hmd
converts the **kern data from the file chopin to
**MIDI data in the file chopin.hmd.
The command:
midi -c siegfrd.idl > siegfrd.hmd
translates the **kern data from the file siegfrd.idl
to **MIDI data in the file siegfrd.hmd and echoes
all **kern data as global comments.
**kern.
Executing the
midi
command with the default settings results in the
!! midi example #1 **kern *M2/4 *C: =1 8c 8r 8d 8e =2 8f 8g 8a 8b =3 4cc 4r ==== *- **MIDI
output given below.
Notice that a default channel of MIDI channel 1 has been assigned
via the tandem interpretation *Ch1.
Note also that each **kern note has resulted in two MIDI instructions:
"key-on" and "key-off".
Since the end of one note coincides with the start of the subsequent
note, key-on and key-off data are output as Humdrum double-stops
(two tokens separated by a single space character).
!! midi example #1 **MIDI *Ch1 *M2/4 *C: =1 72/60/64 36/-60/64 36/62/64 36/-62/64 36/64/64 =2 36/-64/64 36/65/64 36/-65/64 36/67/64 36/-67/64 36/69/64 36/-69/64 36/71/64 =3 36/-71/64 36/72/64 72/-72/64 ==== . *- **MIDI data consist of three numbers separated by slashes (/).
The first integer represents the number of clock ticks that must elapse
from the previous instruction before the current event is initiated.
In the above case, a default value of 72 clock ticks per quarter-note
has resulted in 36 clock ticks for each eighth note.
The second integer represents the MIDI key number, where middle C is
represented as key #60 (negative numbers denote key-off instructions).
The third integer represents the MIDI key velocity.
The default key velocity is 64 units.
The second example illustrates the handling of input containing multiple-stops.
The output below is generated by invoking the following command:
!! midi example #2 **harm **kern * *Ch3 =1 =1 I 4c 4e 4g IV 4c 4f 4a V 4d 4g 4b I 4e 4g 4cc == == *- *-
midi -c input > output
!! midi example #2 **harm **MIDI * *Ch1 !!**harm **kern * *Ch3 !!* *Ch3 =1 =1 !!=1 =1 I 0/60/64 0/64/64 0/67/64 !!I 4c 4e 4g IV 96/-60/64 96/-64/64 96/-67/64 96/60/64 96/65/64 96/69/64 !!IV 4c 4f 4a V 96/-60/64 96/-65/64 96/-69/64 96/62/64 96/67/64 96/71/64 !!V 4d 4g 4b I 96/-62/64 96/-67/64 96/-71/64 96/64/64 96/67/64 96/72/64 !!I 4e 4g 4cc == == !!== == . 96/-64/64 96/-67/64 96/-72/64 *- *- !!*- *-
Notice that non-kern data (**harm) is echoed in the output.
Also, notice that each input record has been reproduced as a global
comment (preceded by !!).
This feature is useful in conjunction with the
perform
command.
*Ch6) should
be recognized in the input stream and cause the default channel 1 output
to be suppressed.