Pitch-Class
REPRESENTATION
pc — pitch-class representation
DESCRIPTION
The pc representation can be used to characterize pitch-class or chroma information. Two pitches are said to share the same pitch-class or chroma when they are octave equivalents. No distinction is made between enharmonic spellings. Hence C-sharp4 and D-flat7 belong to the same pitch-class. In traditional set theory, pitch-classes are identified by integer values between 0 and 11, where C=0, C-sharp/D-flat=1 ... B=11.
Three types of data tokens are distinguished by pc: pitch-class tokens, rest tokens, and barlines.
Pitch-class tokens are encoded as either numeric, or mixed alphabetic
and numeric values. Following traditional practice, pc encodes
pitch-classes using the integer values between 0 and 11, where C=0,
C-sharp/D-flat=1 ... B=11. The pc representation provides
aliases for the integers 10 and 11 (`A' and `B' respectively).
(Encodings using purely numeric values are especially useful when the
representation is to be processed numerically. Encodings using mixed
alphanumeric values are often better suited to pattern matching and
searching tasks.§) (§ For example, where `10' and `11' are present
in a stream of data, the regular expression to search for pitch-class
`1' is (^|[^1])1([^01]|$)
, whereas the corresponding regular
expression for alphanumeric pitch-class data is simply 1
.)
In addition to the basic pitch-class information, pc also provides limited capabilities for representing articulation marks, ties, slurs, and phrasing. Slurs and phrase markings can be nested (slurs within slurs) and may also be elided. Nested markings mean that one slur or phrase is entirely subsumed within another slur or phrase. For example: ( ( ) ) means that a short slur has occurred within a longer slur. Elisions are overlaps, for example, where an existing phrase fails to end before a new phrase begins. In pc the ampersand character is used to mark elided slurs or phrases. For example: { &{ } &} means that a phrase begins, but does not end until after another phrase has begun. The ampersand is used to mark a matched pair of slur or phrases marks. Multiple levels of elisions are indicated by repeating the ampersand character. Both the beginning and ending must be marked by the same number of ampersands. For example, the following coding represents a series of elided phrases where three separate phrases begin before any of the phrases is terminated: { &{ &&{ } &&} &} Notice that the second elided phrase terminates after third phrase has ended.
Rests are represented by the single letter `r'.
Barlines are represented using the "common system" for barlines — see barlines.
FILE TYPE
It is recommended that files containing predominantly pc data should be given names with the distinguishing `.pc' extension.
SIGNIFIERS
The following table summarizes the pc mappings of signifiers and signifieds.
0-9 | pitch-class values specified as integers |
or as real values; measure numbers | |
A | alias for pitch-class 10 |
B | alias for pitch-class 11 |
E | alias for pitch-class 11 |
r | rest |
I | generic articulation (unspecified articulation) |
O | generic ornament (unspecified ornament) |
T | alias for pitch-class 10 |
= | barline; == double barline |
[ | first note of a tie |
] | last note of a tie |
_ | middle note(s) of a tie (underscore) |
( | slur start |
) | slur end |
{ | phrase mark (start) |
} | phrase mark (end) |
; | pause sign |
' | staccato mark |
" | pizzicato mark |
` | attacka mark |
~ | tenuto mark |
\^ | accent mark |
& | elision marker (for slurs or phases) |
Summary of pc Signifiers
EXAMPLES
The following sample document shows a pitch-class representation for the opening measures of Schoenberg’s "Sommerm\o’u\(..'d" from Three Songs, opus 48. The left-most spine shows a mixed alphabetic and numeric encoding — where pitch-class 11 is represented by the letter `B'.
!! Arnold Schoenberg, \"Sommermued\" (1933)
\*\*pc \*\*pc \*\*pc \*\*text
\*Ipiano \*Ipiano \*Ivox \*Deutsch
\*M4/4 \*M4/4 \*M4/4 \*M4/4
\*MM72 \*MM72 \*MM72 \*MM72
=1 =1 =1 =1
r r r .
(7 (11 . .
. 9\^) r .
8\') . 1 Wenn
r . . .
r r . .
(9 (11 2 du
. 7\^) . .
8\') . 0 schon
r . . .
=2 =2 =2 =2
r r (0 glaubst ,
9 (7 \[6 \|
(9\` 8 . .
B) . . .
r . . .
r 7\') 6\]) \|
. r . .
. (9 3 es
\[B . 3 ist
. 8) \[5 e-
=3 =3 =3 =3
\*- \*- \*- \*-
Note that pitch-class representations do not preserve pitch-height or contour information.
PERTINENT COMMANDS
The following Humdrum commands accept pc encoded data as inputs:
<span class="tool">iv</span> determine interval vectors for vertical sonorities
<span class="tool">nf</span> determine normal form for vertical sonorities
<span class="tool">pc</span> convert between numerical and alphanumerical forms of <span class="rep">pc</span>
<span class="tool">pcset</span> convert to set-theoretic representations
<span class="tool">pf</span> determine prime form for vertical sonorities
<span class="tool">reihe</span> output tone-row variant for a given prime row
<span class="tool">vox</span> determine active and inactive voices in a Humdrum file
The following Humdrum command produces pc data as output:
<span class="tool">pc</span> translates <span class="rep">cents</span>, <span class="rep">freq</span>, <span class="rep">kern</span>, <span class="rep">pc</span>, <span class="rep">pitch</span>, <span class="rep">Tonh</span>, <span class="rep">semits</span>, <span class="rep">solfg</span>, <span class="rep">specC</span>, to <span class="rep">pc</span> -- ------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TANDEM INTERPRETATIONS
The following tandem interpretations can be used in conjunction with pc:
meter signatures *M6/8 |
key signatures *k[f#c#] |
key *c#: |
tempo *MM96.3 |
timebase *tb32 |
Tandem interpretations for pc
SEE ALSO
` barlines, **cents, **freq, **iv, iv, **kern, **nf, nf, pc, **pcset, pcset, **pf, pf, **pitch, reihe, **semits, **solfg, **specC, Tonh`
REFERENCES
Forte, A. The Structure of Atonal Music. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1973.
Rahn, J. Basic Atonal Theory. New York: Longman, 1980.
Straus, J. Introduction to Post-Tonal Theory. Englewood Cliffs,
N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1990.