Command: recode¶

COMMAND¶

recode – recode numeric tokens in selected Humdrum spines

SYNOPSIS¶

 recode -f reassign-file -i ‘**interpretation’ [-s regexp] [-x] [inputfile ...]

DESCRIPTION¶

The recode command is used to recode numeric components of data tokens in selected input spines. Typically, recode is used to reassign a range of numerical values into a finite set of classes or categories. For example, recode could be used to reassign all numerical values less than zero to the value -1, and to assign all values greater than or equal to zero to the value +1. A typical use of recode might be to reassign melodic intervals (represented in semitones) to one of five categories: (1) unison [0 semits], (2) up step [plus 1 or 2 semits], (3) up leap [plus 3 or more semits], (4) down step [minus 1 or 2 semits], (5) down leap [minus 3 or more semits]. Similarly, duration information might be rhythmically “justified” so that all durations near 0.5 seconds are recoded as precisely 0.5 seconds.

Note that recode will modify only those input spines matching the exclusive interpretation specified in the command line.

The manner by which numeric values are reassigned is specified by the user in a separate reassignment file. Reassignment files consist of one or more reassignment records; each record specifies a condition and a resulting replacement string. When the condition is satisfied, the numerical data is replaced by the associated string. A simple reassignment file is: 

 ==0 zero !=0 other

This file contains two reassignment records. Conditions are given in the left column and the associated replacement strings are given in the right column. Conditions and strings are separated by a single tab. Given the above reassignment, when a numerical value in an input token is equal to zero, the output replaces the input number by the alphabetic string “zero.” The second condition (!= means not-equals) indicates that if a numerical value not equal to zero is encountered in an input token, the output replaces the number by the alphabetic string “other.”

Permissible relational operators are listed in the following table.

 == equals != not equals < less than <= less than or equal > greater than >= greater than or equal else default relation

Relational operators for **recode**

Permissible replacement strings include any combination of printable ASCII characters with the exception of the tab.

Conditions are tested in the order given in the reassignment file. Thus if a numeric value satisfies more than one condition, only the first string replacement is made. Consider, for example, the following reassignment file: 

 <=0 LOW >100 HIGH >0 MEDIUM

In this case, all numeric values are replaced by one of three strings:  HIGH, MEDIUM, or  LOW. The order of specification is important in the above file. If the MEDIUM condition was specified prior to the HIGH condition, then all values greater than one hundred would be categorized as MEDIUM rather than as HIGH.

The else relation can be used to specify the default string output for numeric input values that satisfy none of the preceding conditions in the reassignment file. If no else condition is specified and none of the other conditions are satisfied, recode outputs the original input token without any modification.

Substitutions are made even when a number is embedded in non-numeric data. For example, given the above reassignment file, an input token foo200bar would be output as fooHIGHbar. That is, the numeric portion of the input string (200) would be deemed to satisfy the condition (>100) and so would be replaced by the string (“HIGH”).

An important property of the recode command is that string replacements are limited to the first occurrence of numeric data within each data token. Subsequent numeric data within the token remains untouched. Thus, using the above reassignment file, the input token foo200bar300 would be output as fooHIGHbar300.

In the case of multiple-stops (data tokens having two or more parts separated by spaces), recode processes the first occurrence of numeric data for each part of the token. For example, the double-stop token foo200 bar300 would be output as fooHIGH barHIGH.

The recode command provides options to identify which data tokens may be excluded (skipped) in processing (-s), plus an option that suppresses the echoing of unprocessed signifiers in the output (-x). See OPTIONS for further information.

OPTIONS¶

The recode command provides the following options:

 -f reassign use reassignments given in file reassign -h displays a help screen summarizing the command syntax -i ‘**interp’ process only **interp spines -s regexp skip; completely ignore tokens matching regexp; (echo in output only) -x (exclude) do not echo unprocessed data signifiers in the output

Options are specified in the command line.

The user can suppress the echoing of non-numeric data within a token by specifying the -x option on the command line. When this exclude option is selected, only the replacement strings are output. For example, given the following reassignment file: 

 <=0 LOW >100 HIGH >0 MEDIUM

The input token  foo200bar would be output as HIGH. If a data token contains no numeric component, then the -x option causes a null token to be output.

The -x option also suppresses the echoing of unprocessed numerical components. (Recall that string replacements made by recode are limited to the first occurrence of numerica data within a data token.) For example, with the -x option, the input data token  foo200bar17 would be output as HIGH.

Processing of certain types of data tokens may be avoided by invoking the -s (skip) option. This option must be accompanied by a user-define regular-expression (see regexp (6)). Input data tokens matching this expression are not processed and are simply echoed in the output. This option may be useful, for example, in avoiding the processing of barlines, or other types of data.

EXAMPLES¶

The operation of the recode command can be illustrated by referring to the following hypothetical Humdrum file named patrie.

 **kern **abc 16g 0 8.g 00 16g 1 =1 =1 4cc 2.0 4cc +3. 4ee 4 4ee -1 =2 =2 4.gg 8ee 1.1 8.cc .1 16cc x1X 8.ee x1x2x 16cc 1 2 =3 =3 4a . 4r r *- *-

Consider also the following “reassignment” file, named reassign.¶

 ==0 zero ==1 one ==2 two <0 negative <=3 <=3 >4 >4 else ???

The command:

 recode -s = -i ‘**abc’ -f reassign patrie

would produce the following output: 

 **kern **abc 16g zero 8.g zero 16g one =1 =1 4cc two 4cc <=3 4ee ??? 4ee negative =2 =2 4.gg >4 8ee <=3 8.cc <=3 16cc xoneX 8.ee xonex2x 16cc one two =3 =3 4a . 4r r *- *-

Notice the following: (1) the measure numbers 1 and 2 have remained unchanged due to the skip option -s =, (2) the input x1X has been replaced by the output string  xoneX (non-numeric data remain in the same relative position), (3) the input x1x2x has been replaced by the output string  xonex2x (only the first numerical value in each token is modified), (4) the double-stop input 1 2 has been replaced by the output string  one two, and (5) both the null token (.) and the non-numeric token (r) have been echoed in the input unchanged.

Note that with the -x option, all of the non-numeric signifiers in  **abc spine would be suppressed in the output. The single non-numeric token (r) would be output as a null token.

PORTABILITY¶

DOS 2.0 and up, with the MKS Toolkit. OS/2 with the MKS Toolkit. UNIX systems supporting the Korn shell or Bourne shell command interpreters, and revised awk (1985).

 humsed (4), rend (4), regexp (4), regexp (6), sed (UNIX)