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yank [-c] -l -r range [inputfile ...]
yank [-c] -m regexp -r range [inputfile ...]
yank [-c] -n regexp -r range [inputfile ...]
yank [-c] -o regexp [-e regexp] -r range [inputfile ...]
yank [-c] -s section_label -r range [inputfile ...]
Options are specified in the command line.
-c include all comments prior to the yanked material in the output -e regexp define end-delimiter for yanked segments as regexp; used with -o -h displays a help screen summarizing the command syntax -l yank all lines whose line numbers appear in -r range -m regexp yank lines matching regexp listed in -r range -n regexp yank segments delineated by regexp according to cardinal -r range -o regexp yank segments delineated by regexp according to ordinal -r range -r range yank section in ranges listed in range; used with -l, -m, -n, -o and -s -s section yank section labelled section according to -r range
The simplest operation for yank occurs when the
-l
option is specified.
In this case
yank
echoes those lines in the input stream whose line-numbers appear in
a specified
range.
The
range
consists of one of more integers separated by commas;
inclusive ranges can be specified by separating two integers by a dash (-).
For example, the following command selects lines, 5, 13, 23, 24, 25, and 26
from the file named dvorak:
yank -l -r 5,13,23-26 dvorak
The dollar sign ($) can be used to refer to the last record
in the input.
For example, the following command yanks the first and last
records from the file verdi.
yank -l -r '1,$' verdi
(Note that single quotes may be needed in regular expressions
and range specifications in order to prevent the shell from
misinterpreting characters such as the dollar sign or the asterisk.)
Records prior to the end of the input can be specified by subtracting
some value from $.
For example, the following command yanks the first 20 records
of the last 30 records contained in the file ginastera.
(Notice that the dash/minus sign is used both to convey a range
and as an arithmetic operator.)
yank -l -r '$-30-$-10' ginastera
In addition to the specified output lines, yank also outputs interpretations and comments as described below (see INTERPRETATIONS AND COMMENTS).
Alternatively,
yank
can output lines relative to some user-defined
marker.
This mode of operation can be invoked using the
-m
option.
Markers are specified as regular expressions.
The following command outputs the first and third data records
following each occurrence of the string "XXX" in the file wieck.
yank -m XXX -r 1,3 wieck
The -r option is used to specify the range. If the value zero ("0") is specified in the range, then the record containing the marker is itself output.
Since markers are interpreted by
yank
as regular expressions, complex markers can be defined.
For example, the following command yanks the first data record
following all occurrences of any record in the file franck
beginning with a letter and ending with a number:
yank -m '^[a-zA-Z].*[0-9]$' -r 1 franck
In musical applications, it is often convenient to yank
material according to logical segments such as measures or phrases.
In order to access such segments, the user must specify a segment
delimiter
using the
-o
or the
-o
and
-e
options.
For example, common system barlines are represented by
the presence of an equals-sign (=)
at the beginning of a data token.
Thus the user might yank specific measures from a
**kern
file by defining the appropriate barline delimiter and providing a range of
(measure) numbers.
Consider the following command:
yank -o ^= -r 1,12-13,25 joplin
Unlike the
-m
option, the
-o
option interprets the range list as ordinal occurrences of segments
delineated by the delimiter.
Whole segments are output rather than specified records as
is the case with
-m.
As in the case of markers, delimiters are interpreted according to
regular expression syntax.
Each input record containing the delimiter is regarded as the
start
of the next logical segment.
In the above command, the command-line range specifies that the first,
twelfth, thirteenth, and twenty-fifth logical segments (measures)
are to be yanked from the file named joplin.
All records starting with the delimiter record are output up to,
but not including the next occurrence of a delimiter record.
Where the input stream contains data prior to the first delimiter record, this data may be addressed as logical segment "zero." For example,
yank -o '^=' -r 0 mahler
can be used to yank all records prior to the first common system barline. With the -o option, notice that actual measure numbers are irrelevant: yank selects segments according to their ordinal position in the input stream rather than according to their cardinal label.
When the -n option is invoked, however, yank expects a numerical value to be present in the input immediately following the user-specified delimiter. In this case, yank selects segments based on their numbered label rather than their ordinal position in the input. For example,
yank -n ^= -r 12 goldberg
will yank all segments begining with the label =12 in the input
file goldberg.
If more than one segment carries the specified segment number(s),
all such segment are output.
Note that the dollar-sign anchor cannot be used in the range expression
for the
-n
option.
Note also that input tokens containing non-numeric characters appended
to the number will have no effect on the pattern match.
For example, input tokens such as =12a, =12b, or =12;
will be treated as equivalent to =12.
As in the case of the
-o
option, the value zero ("0") addresses material prior to the first
delimiter record.
Like the
-o
option, the value zero may be reused for each specified input file.
Thus, if file1, file2 and file3 are Humdrum files:
yank -n ^= -r 0 file1 file2 file3
will yank any leading (anacrusis) material in each of the three files.
When the -s option is invoked, yank extracts passages according to Humdrum section labels encoded in the input. Humdrum section labels are tandem interpretations that conform to the syntax:
*>label_name
Labels are frequently used to indicate formal divisions, such as,
coda, exposition, bridge, second ending, trio, minuet, etc.
The following command yanks the second instance of a section
labelled First Theme in the file haydn08:
yank -s 'First Theme' -r 2 haydn08
Note that with "through-composed" Humdrum files it is possible to have more than one section containing the same section-label. (See the thru command.)
Any comments prior to the yanked passage may be included in the output by specifying the -c option.
yank -l -r 1120 messiaen
yanks line 1120 in the file messiaen.
yank -n ^= -r 27 sinfonia
yanks numbered measures 27 from the **kern file sinfonia.
yank -n ^= -r 10-20 minuet waltz
yanks numbered measures 10 to 20 from
both
the **kern files minuet and waltz.
yank -o ^= -r '0,$' fugue ricercar
yanks any initial anacrusis material plus the final measure
of both fugue and ricercar.
cat fugue ricercar | yank -o ^= -r '0,$'
yanks any initial anacrusis material from the file fugue followed
by the final measure of ricercar.
yank -n 'Rehearsal Marking ' -r 5-7 fugue ricercar
yanks segments beginning with the strings
"Rehearsal Marking 5," "Rehearsal Marking 6,"
and
"Rehearsal Marking 7."
Segments are deemed to end when a record is encountered containing
the string
"Rehearsal Marking ".
yank -o { -e } -r '1-$' webern
yanks all segments in the file webern beginning with a record
containing "{" and ending with a record containing "}."
The command:
yank -o { -e } -r '1-4,$-3-$' faure
yanks the first four and last four segments in the file faure
-- where segments begin with an open brace ({) and end with a
closed brace (}).
In the **kern representation, this would extract the
first and last four phrases in the file.
yank -s Coda -r 1 stamitz
will yank the first occurrence of a section labelled Coda
in the file stamitz.
yank -l -r 5-7,6-8 is interpreted as
equivalent to yank -l -r 5-8;
lines 6 and 7 will be echoed only once in the output stream.
If the user wishes to have multiple occurrences of material in the
output stream, the
yank
command can be invoked more than once
(e.g. yank -l -r 5-7 ...; yank -l -r 6-8 ...).
Note that yanked segments cannot be output in an order other
than their order in the input.
For example, assuming that measure numbers in an input stream
increase sequentially,
yank
is unable to output measure number 6 prior to outputting measure number 5.
Once again, the order of output material can be rearranged by
invoked the
yank
command more than once
(e.g. yank -l -r 100 ...; yank -l -r 99 ...;
yank -l -r 98 ...).
In the case of the
-m
option, note that range elements cannot address records more than one
marker away from the current marker.
For example, in a file where markers occur every 10 records,
range expressions such as `25' and `$-17' will result
in no output.
In addition, range expressions such as `1-25'
and `$-17-$' will have the same effect as `1-10'
and `$-9-$.
Note also that for the same input file, the range expression `6-$-7'
will result in no output.
find_reg.awk, findpair.awk and number.awk
are used by
yank.
awk (UNIX),
extract (4),
grep (UNIX),
egrep (UNIX),
patt (4),
pattern (4),
regexp (4),
regexp (6),
timebase (4),
thru (4)